OCR General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE) Biology Practice Exam

What distinguishes differentiated cells from stem cells?

1. Differentiated cells cannot divide

2. Stem cells are specialized for function

3. Differentiated cells have potential to become any cell type

4. Stem cells are found only in embryos

The correct answer is: Differentiated cells cannot divide

Differentiated cells are specialized cells that have developed specific functions within the body, leading to unique characteristics and roles, such as muscle cells, nerve cells, or blood cells. One key distinguishing feature is their limited ability to divide. While some differentiated cells can undergo a limited degree of replication under certain conditions to replace damaged cells, they generally do not have the same capacity for unlimited division as stem cells, which are undifferentiated and possess the ability to proliferate extensively. Stem cells, in contrast, are defined by their ability to differentiate into various cell types and have the potential to either remain as stem cells or become specialized cells through a process known as differentiation. This potential for both self-renewal and the capacity to generate numerous cell types is what makes stem cells unique, and they are often categorized into embryonic stem cells, which can become any cell type, and adult stem cells, which have a more limited range. Therefore, the distinction lies in the cell division capabilities and the specialization of differentiated cells compared to the pluripotent or multipotent nature of stem cells. This understanding clarifies the unique role each type of cell plays in growth, development, and tissue repair.